The Great Barrier Reef - Worlds Largest Reef System

Australias Great Barrier Reef is considered to be the worlds largest reef system. It is made up of over 2,900 individual reefs, 900 islands and covers an area of 133,000 square miles (344,400 sq km). It is also one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and it is the worlds biggest structure made out of living species. The Great Barrier Reef is also unique in that it is the only living organism that can be seen from space. Geography of the Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is located in the Coral Sea. It is off the northeast coast of Australias state of Queensland. The reef itself stretches over 1,600 miles (2,600 km) and most of it is between 9 and 93 miles (15 and 150 km) from shore. In places the reef is up to 40 miles (65 km) wide. The reef also includes Murray Island. Geographically, the Great Barrier Reef stretches from Torres Strait in the north to the area between Lady Elliot and Fraser Islands in the south. Much of the Great Barrier Reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. It covers over 1,800 miles (3,000 km) of the reef and runs along Queenslands coast near the town of Bundaberg. Geology of the Great Barrier Reef The geologic formation of the Great Barrier Reef is long and complex. Coral reefs began forming in the region about between 58 and 48 million years ago when the Coral Sea Basin formed. However, once the Australian continent moved to its present location, sea levels began to change and coral reefs started to grow quickly, but changing climate and sea levels after that caused them to grow and decline in cycles. This is because coral reefs need certain sea temperatures and levels of sunlight to grow. Today, scientists believe that complete coral reef structures where todays Great Barrier Reef is were formed 600,000 years ago. This reef died off however due to climate change and changing sea levels. Todays reef began to form about 20,000 years ago when it started growth on the remains of the older reef. This due to the fact that the Last Glacial Maximum ended around this time and during glaciation sea level was much lower than it is today. Following the end of the last glaciation about 20,000 years ago, sea level continued to rise and as it got higher, the coral reefs grew on the hills being flooded on the coastal plain. 13,000 years ago sea level was almost where it is today and the reefs began to grow around off the coast of Australia islands. As these islands became further submerged with rising sea levels, the coral reefs grew over them to form the reef system present today. The current Great Barrier Reef structure is about 6,000 to 8,000 years old. Biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef Today the Great Barrier Reef is considered a World Heritage Site due to its unique size, structure and high levels of biodiversity. Many of the species living in the reef are endangered and some are endemic only to that reef system. The Great Barrier Reef has 30 species of whales, dolphins and porpoises. In addition, six species of endangered sea turtles breed in the reef and two green sea turtle species have genetically distinct populations in the north and south of the reef. The turtles are attracted to the area due to the 15 species of sea grass that grow in the reef. Within the Great Barrier Reef itself, there are also a number of microscopic organisms, different mollusks and fish that inhabit spaces inside the coral. 5,000 species of mollusk are on the reef as are nine species of seahorses and 1,500 species of fish, including the clownfish. The reef is composed of 400 species of coral. The areas closer to land and on the islands of the Great Barrier Reef are biodiverse as well. These places are home to 215 bird species (some of which are seabirds and some of which are shorebirds). The islands within the Great Barrier Reef are also home to over 2,000 types of plants. Although the Great Barrier Reef is home to many charismatic species like those previously mentioned, it should also be noted that a variety of very dangerous species inhabit the reef or areas near it as well. For example, saltwater crocodiles live in the mangrove swamps and salt marshes near the reef and a variety of sharks and stingrays live within the reef. In addition, 17 species of sea snake (most of which are venomous) live on the reef and jellyfish, including the deadly box jellyfish, also inhabit nearby waters. Human Uses and Environmental Threats of the Great Barrier Reef Due to its extreme biodiversity, the Great Barrier Reef is a popular tourist destination and around two million people visit it per year. Scuba diving and tours via small boats and aircraft are the most popular activities on the reef. Since it is a fragile habitat, tourism of the Great Barrier Reef is highly managed and sometimes operated as ecotourism. All ships, aircraft and others that want to access the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park need to have a permit. Despite these protective measures, however, the Great Barrier Reefs health is still threatened due to climate change, pollution, fishing, and invasive species. Climate change and rising sea temperatures are considered the greatest threats to the reef because coral is a fragile species that needs water to be about 77ËšF to 84ËšF (25ËšC to 29ËšC) to survive. Recently there have been episodes of coral bleaching due to higher temperatures. To learn more about the Great Barrier Reef, visit National Geographics Great Barrier Reef interactive website and the Australian governments webpage on the Great Barrier Reef.

Influences of the Romantic Period - 1575 Words

Influences on the Romantic Period Romanticism spawned in the late 18th century and flourished in the early and mid-19th century. Romanticism emphasized the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, the transcendental, and the individual. Romanticism is often viewed as a rejection of the ideologies of Classicism and Neoclassicisms, namely calm, order, harmony, idealization, rationality and balance. Some characteristics of Romanticism include: emotion over reason, senses over intellect, love for nature, use of the hero and the exceptional figure in general, emphasis of imagination being the gateway to spiritual truth, and an interest in folk culture. Romanticism was preceded by related†¦show more content†¦Percy Shelley’s â€Å"The Necessity of Atheism† was heavily influenced by Shelley’s religious belief, atheism. In Necessity of Atheism Shelley argues that there is no evidence for a God based on observation or experience. This line of argument indicates the major influence of the Enlightenment philosophers on his perspective, but religion is still the main influence because his religious belief is the foundation of the writing. Religious influence on Romantic authors is further shown by Wordsworth’s Ode: Intimations of Immortality. â€Å"Ode: Intimations of Immortality† is influenced by Wordsworth’s belief in Pantheism and is demonstrated by his use of nature throughout. Pantheism is also shown when Wordsworth states that children are more pure and closer to nature than adults, but that as adults, recollection of youth can give one a closer philosophical relationship with nature. Though Shelley and Wordsworth pursued two completely different paths with their texts they both arrived at the same point, having deep personal religious beliefs that very strongly influenced their writing (James Cooper). Religion was prominent during the Romantic Era in the same way that classical mythology was important in previous era’s; Romantic authors used religious imagery in the same way that they would use other ancient traditions that they no longer believed in. Faust by Goethe for example, has many ChristianShow MoreRelatedJane Austens Influence in the Romantic Period958 Words   |  4 Pageseighteen and early nineteen century, England was going through major changes: politically, social, and economically. These major changes molded the Romantic Period [1800-1850]. Another factor that affected this Romantic Period was the end of the French Revolution [1815]. 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All of these influences and themes culminate in many differentRead MoreTo What Extent Can quot;waverleyquot; Be Called an Anti-romantic Novel?1295 Words   |  6 PagesWhen asked whether Waverley is an anti-Romantic novel, one must first fully understand the term Romantic and then discuss whether the characteristics of this expression are at all reflected within Waverley. One must take into consideration the historical and political conditions within society at the time and their influence on this great writer and his works. The Romantic period occurred some time from 1789 to 1832. It was a dramatic turning point in literary history as it was consideredRead MoreBeethovens Sixth Symphony1173 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom 18th century musical classicism to 19th century romanticism, and his influence on subsequent generations of composers was profound† Kerman and Tyson. 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The Romantics believedRead MoreThe And The French Revolution1419 Words   |  6 PagesCasper David Friedrich was a German Romantic artist in the nineteenth century that is most known for his landscape paintings that display the romantic ideals of individualism, nature, physical and emotional passion and an interest in the mysteries of the world. Where did these ideals of Romanticism begin? Taking a look back into the 17th century, there was another intellectual movement that changed society, culture and politics. The Enlightenment was a time period lasting throughout the 18th centuryRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of The Victorian Era1715 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, many time perio ds have been similar and different from each other. People from each time period decide what they want to continue incorporating and what they would like to disregard. The Victorian Era was brought about upon to show rebellion from the Romantic period. The Victorian Era is a reaction against the Romantic Period due to differences in terms of historical influences, effects of science, crises of faith, and women’s desire for change. The Romantic Period’s history startedRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period.1210 Words   |  5 PagesSimilarities and differences between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period. Similarities and Differences between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period What were the similarities and differences between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period? The Romantic Age and Victorian Period had many similarities, but they had far more differences. They first differed in rule: the Romantic Age didn’t have a king or queen, but the Victorian Period did. They were similar and different in writing stylesRead MoreRomanticism s Impact On America Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesRomanticism’s Impact on America The period of Romanticism, occurring between the years 1800 and 1860, left a significant impact on not only the literature of that time, but the literature of today as well. Prior to romantic writings, the world focused on society and logic. Romanticism allowed people to start valuing individualism and to appeal to emotional responses. This new way of thinking brought new literary styles, themes, and genres that were never explored before and are still found todayRead MoreRomanticism s Impact On America Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pages Romanticism’s Impact on America The period of Romanticism, occurring between the years 1800 and 1860, left a significant impact on not only the literature of that time, but the literature of today as well. Prior to romantic writings, the world focused on society and logic. Romanticism allowed people to start valuing individualism and to appeal to emotional responses. This new way of thinking brought new literary styles, themes, and genres that were never explored before and are still found today

Carrefour Free Essays

France’s Carrefour relies on the key strengths of supplier contacts and customer knowledge when developing and implementing marketing strategy. Carrefour has ‚Â ¬108 billion in yearly turnover and operates 1,530 hypermarkets, supermarkets, discount stores and convenience stores in 33 countries. Even though retailing is an intensely competitive industry, Carrefour’s marketers have used these global strengths to great advantage when preparing marketing plans to address various opportunities and threats in Europe, Latin America and Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrefour or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, a few months after Carrefour moved its global sourcing office to Thailand, executives became aware that local farmers were producing a surplus of fruits such as durian and mangosteens. In the past, these fruits had sold well in the 34 Thai Carrefour stores as well as in the chain’s outlets in Taiwan, China and Indonesia. Identifying this as a marketing opportunity, Carrefour’s marketing director in Thailand arranged to buy hundreds of additional tonnes of local fruits and created a plan to encourage he European stores to stock the fruits as a taste of Thailand at an attractive price. Depending on the country, as much as 90-95 per cent of merchandise stocked in Carrefour stores is purchased from local suppliers. The purpose is to make the most of the opportunity by establishing mutually beneficial connections with local suppliers for the long term. When Carrefour’s marketers analyze the internal environment, they examine the results of previous marketing programmes across the entire chain and in individual stores. They have grouped the customer base of 14 illion households worldwide into 60,000 customer segments for more relevant marketing attention. With deep analysis, they can target more precisely and measure the return on investment for each programme in the marketing plan. Carrefour also acts quickly when analyses point to unusual challenges or opportunities. For example, Just a few months after opening hypermarkets in Moscow and Krasnodar, the retailer decided to stop expansion in Russia and sell the new stores because difficult economic circumstances had reduced short-term growth opportunities. How to cite Carrefour, Papers

Cecil Rhodes “Confession of Faith” free essay sample

â€Å"Confession of Faith† In Confession of Faith, the great imperialist and wealthy diamond mine owner Cecil Rhodes stresses his opinion of Britains right to conquer land in the world, and the importance of involvement by the British citizens. His beliefs were that imperialism is the key to political and economic power and shows how British nationalism led to the expansion of its territories. â€Å" It often strikes a man to inquire what is the chief good in life; to one the thought comes that it is a happy marriage, to another great wealth, and such seizes on his idea for that he more or less works for the rest of his existence. (pg. 243) Cecil Rhodes wanted nothing more than to serve his country. He believes that the Anglo-Saxon race should rule the world. â€Å"I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the better it is for the human race. We will write a custom essay sample on Cecil Rhodes â€Å"Confession of Faith† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (pg. 243) Any other race to him should not exist. Humans being born that are not going to be raised in the Anglo-Saxon race are a waste to him. He wanted to make the British Empire a superpower in which all of the white countries in the empire would be represented in the British Parliament. Why should we not form a secret society with but one object the furtherance of the British Empire and the bringing of the whole uncivilized world under British rule for the recovery of the United States for the making the Anglo-Saxon race but one Empire. † (pg. 243) Rhodes did want to breed an American elite of philosopher-kings who would have the USA rejoin the British Empire. His dream is made clear on how and why he wanted the whole world to be like the Anglo-Saxon race. Rhodes did respect the Germans and the Kaiser, but still thought his race and society was better. Rhodes made his point very clear in this excerpt and goes into detail on what other races do wrong. â€Å"It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race more of the best the most human, most honourable race the world possesses. † (pg. 243) For his race, he has very high standards on how to spread this belief of his. The more land the race can acquire, the better off the race would be. To Rhodes his idea of the world turning into a one-race world is his dream. By expanding and expressing his ideas and beliefs, it would make the Anglo-Saxon race even more prevailing. â€Å"The Society should always be searching for members who might by their energies or character forward the object but the ballot and test for admittance should be severe)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 244) Ceil Rhodes was a very powerful and wealthy man in his time. He was one of the wealthiest men in the world. I think since he had so much wealth it made him come to the conclusion he could control the world and make it a one-race society. I would compare Rhodes to an earlier Adolph Hitler, with trying to succeed a one-race dominance. Rhodes has too much of a racists mind for me. God is the only creator in race, and Rhodes trying to be God is a disgrace to mankind. All races are different in there own way and have the right to live wherever they please.

Osteoporosis Essays - Nutrition, Health, Anatomy, Osteopathies

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is the disease marked by weak, brittle bones mostly found in women. The medical significance of this disease is that the bones lose both calcium for strength and matrix for support. Osteoporosis is the scientific name of the disease, but another term for it is osteopenia. The common name for it is osteoporosis. One half of all women over the age of 45 years, and 90 percent of women over 75 years in the United States are affected with osteoporosis. There are many causes for this disease. One cause is our genetic heritage. If your mom had it, and her mom had it, there is a very good chance that you will get osteoporosis. Another cause could be an inadequate intake of vitamins and calcium. Dietary surveys have shown that most adults do not take in the recommended amount of calcium in their diets. Studies have shown that young men who develop osteoporosis are often heavy alcohol drinkers. Studies have also shown that a high intake of aluminum-containing antacids can reduce the calcium supply. Since osteoporosis is a shortage of calcium, the problem just might be that you do not take in enough calcium. Another cause is hormone excess in the body. A common cause of loss of calcium is too many hormones made from the parathyroid or thyroid glands. The parathyroid gland secretes the parathyroid hormone. This hormone affects calcium metabolism and is essential for the maintenance of good bone structure. If too much is produced, the level of serum calcium rises and calcium is extracted for the bones, causing them to become weak. Quite often, older women with osteoporosis also have osteomalacia, which is a vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is needed to maintain the normal metabolism of calcium in the body (Fernandez-Madrid 208-209). Another cause of this disease is the fact that one is not physically active. Daily exercise is always recommended to keep your entire body healthy. Osteoporosis also shows up in post-menopausal women who lack estrogen production. Estrogen plays an important role in the calcium metabolism in bone. Lastly, too much steroid medicine can also cause a loss of calcium for the bone. Corticosteroids are very dangerous, especially in post-menopausal women. The reason for this is that they slow the dietary calcium absorption in the intestine and speed its removal from blood by the kidney. They stimulate the bone cells that promote bone breakdown, and inhibit the bone cells that promote bone growth (Davidson 150-151). There are many symptoms of osteoporosis. First, osteoporosis weakens the bones. The weakening of the bones allows fractures to occur more easily. It is a major cause of serious disability in older people, with one in three women and one in five men living to age 85 fracturing a hip due to osteoporosis. Another symptom is the reduced height in an individual or a humping of the back. Lower back pain is also a common symptom of osteoporosis. There are numerous treatments for osteoporosis. While there are ways to prevent it and to treat it, there is no cure as of yet. The main treatment is prevention, exercise, healthy living, and estrogen treatment for women are the keys to success. A big part of treatment and prevention is exercise. Muscle mass and bone formation increase with exercise, even in older people. It especially helps to exercise against gravity, such as walking a mile or more daily or at least several times weekly. An organized workout program with an exercise trainer will help you achieve the most benefit to your body within your limitations. Water exercises are also a good way to exercise. A healthy diet is also important. Getting the proper amounts of calcium and vitamin D is essential in the treatment of this disease. Vitamin D can be obtained from the sun, so walking outdoors takes care of that. Calcium may be obtained from foods or from vitamins. It is recommended that 1.0 to 1.5 grams of calcium should be taken in each day. As far as estrogen treatment goes, women who have estrogen treatment increase the calcium in their bones by seven percent versus those who do not use the treatment. The percentage of those with fractures is even lower. So far, the best know way to treat osteoporosis, is through salmon calcitonin. It is an injectable substance. It is believed that calcitonin is what regulates osteoclasts from breaking down too much bone. Right here is where I should talk about the history of the disease. I should say who discovered it and when they

Automobile Pollution Essays

Automobile Pollution Essays Automobile Pollution Paper Automobile Pollution Paper Essay Topic: Air pollution Water pollution Ammonia gas (NH) forms in the catalytic converter, which is then emitted from the vehicles tailpipe and released into the air. These ammonia gases are the cause of haze and may also cause serious health problems. The catalytic converter not only hurts but also helps the environment. Automobiles that have this system on them produce close to 50% less hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and other gases. (Converters 1) Which in the long run helps the ozone from depleting even more than it has already. Another problem we face is having vehicles with mercury light switches in the trunk and hood. Mercury is a fluid metallic element that is toxic and can cause various health problems, air and groundwater pollution also. Ford is one of the automobile companies that still use mercury in light switches and certain antiknock brake components. The mercury becomes a problem only after vehicles containing it are taken to a junkyard and destroyed. When these vehicles are destroyed the mercury seeps out into the environment and is absorbed into the ground eventually to sake its way in to our water supplies. While in the water it can contaminate the fish that in turn we end up eating. Another way the mercury makes it way into the environment is during the process of melting the vehicles in steel furnaces where the mercury vaporizes into the air. (Mercury 1) These particles then can act as a contribution to global warming. Ford has been urged to remove these mercury switches and replace them with a ball bearing switch that costs about 38 cents in all vehicles that are brought in for service, repair, or recall. As of right now Ford has no plans of removing these mercury switches in any of its serviced vehicles. But Ford is currently working with the Alliance of Automobile Manufactures and the Association of International Automobile Manufactures and waste-management directors to eliminate and replace the switches containing mercury in their upcoming vehicles. (Mercury 2) If Ford and other car companies that use mercury switches decide to do this it can eliminate up to 2. 5 tons of mercury from our environment. The problems of automobile pollution mentioned above are only a small oration of the pollution problems we face from automobiles. Many people wonder how these and many other problems that automobiles cause can be fixed, and many have come up with possible solutions. But only a few of the solutions are actually practical. I think we should abolish gas burning engines and start using electrical vehicles. This would eliminate all of the pollution problems. Electric vehicles were once thought to only be a futuristic fantasy, but recently have become a reality. These vehicles are a very environmentally roundly replacement for older gas burning automobiles. Electric vehicles do not require tune-ups or oil changes. These vehicles also dont emit any ozone depleting gases and or fumes. Making them a perfect remedy for the already hurting environment. As of right now the idea of an electric car is still in it works and the common gas burning automobile Will be around for many more years to come. All we can do is hope that one day that someone will come with a vehicle that is environmentally safe and can help eliminate these problems that automobiles cause today.

Legal Aspects of Business Decisions individual 1(introduction to Essay - 1

Legal Aspects of Business Decisions individual 1(introduction to International law) - Essay Example The court concluded that Hong Kong is not a â€Å"foreign state† under the diversity statute, and, consequently, Matimak is not a â€Å"citizen or subject† of a â€Å"foreign state.† Issue(s): (1) whether Hong Kong is a â€Å"foreign state,† such that Matimak is a â€Å"citizen or subject† of a â€Å"foreign state†; (2) whether Matimak is a â€Å"citizen or subject† of the United Kingdom, by virtue of Hong Kong’s relationship with the United Kingdom when it brought suit; and (3) whether any and all non- citizens of the United States may ipso facto invoke alienage jurisdiction against a United States citizen. Reasoning: The fact that the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance may be â€Å"ultimately traceable† to the British Crown is too attenuated a connection. Matimak was incorporated under Hong Kong law, the Companies Ordinance 1984 of Hong Kong, and is entitled to the protections of Hong Kong law only. Cf. Cedec Trading Ltd. v. United Am. Coal Sales, Inc., 556 F.Supp. 722, 723-24 & n. 2 (S.D.N.Y.1983) (holding that corporations of the Channel Islands, a province which is part of the United Kingdom proper, governed by British law, and whose foreign affairs are entirely controlled by the United Kingdom, is a citizen or subject of the United Kingdom); Compare St. Germain v. West Bay Leasing, Ltd., No. 81-CV-3945, at 6 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 30, 1982) (holding that a corporation of the Cayman Islands, whose corporate law is clearly independent from the United Kingdoms, is not a citizen or subject of the United Kingdom). Matimak is not a â€Å"citizen or subject† of a foreign state. It is th us stateless. And a stateless person—the proverbial man without a country—cannot sue a United States citizen under alienage jurisdiction. Kantor v. Wellesley Galleries, Ltd., 704 F.2d 1088, 1092 (9th Cir.1983); Sadat v. Mertes, 615 F.2d 1176, 1183 (7th

The Snows of Kilimanjaro Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Snows of Kilimanjaro - Research Paper Example "The Snows of Kilimanjaro† reveal that pursuing a life filled with materialism leads to regret, depression, obsession, and ultimately, death. It was also Hemingway who said that all fiction is autobiographical, in the sense that it is difficult for a writer to totally invent the materials for a story; it has to come from somewhere such as things that have actually happened, and the writer subconsciously utilizes the materials in his life experiences. Many of Hemingway's stories have a strong biographical background in them, because he had actually experienced all this in his frequent travels and adventures like big-game hunting, deep-sea fishing, and bullfighting. His prior training as a newspaper reporter and journalist also honed his writing style. It is not surprising this darker side of life may have influenced him to take his own life. But his suicide does not in any way detract from his iconic accomplishment as one of the most brilliant American writers. Discussion Mount Kilimanjaro is a mountain peak found in the African country of Tanzania. It is actually a dormant volcanic mountain that has three cones, namely Shira, Kibo, and Mawenzi. Tanzania is located on the eastern part of Africa, bordered by the countries of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, Zambia, and Mozambique. The capital city of Dar es Salaam that faces the Indian Ocean to the east is the main commercial and political hub of this country. Its name was derived from the union of its two big states, Tanganyika and Zanzibar. But since 1996, the government moved its seat to the city of Dodoma, although Dar es Salaam is still its chief gateway to sea trade and also of its landlocked neighbors to the north, west, and south. A key attraction of Mt. Kilimanjaro is its being the highest mountain in the African continent. It rises to a height of 19,340 feet and offers scenic views for miles around, as the roof of Africa. Kilimanjaro has a temperate climate comprising five zones, and has uni que fauna and flora in huge rain forests, in addition to fantastic volcanic lava formations, and also glaciers. To climb to the top and sleep on the volcano's crater floor is truly a once-in-a-lifetime experience. The sheer majesty of Mt. Kilimanjaro attracts tourists from all over the world, paying substantial fees for a unique climb on this unique mountain. Its lofty heights invite all sorts of feelings, emotions, thoughts, and even contemplation on the meaning of life itself. This is the same mountain that Hemingway had immortalized in the title of his novel, having climbed it himself at a time when Africa was still largely unexplored during the period of empire and in the heyday of colonialism. The white settlers, adventurers, explorers, and administrators were looked up to by the black natives. Western academics studied the local cultures of the various tribes before these will disappear forever, tainted and influenced by the fast influx of Western civilization and gradually mo lded into the Western way of life and by propagation of religion. It was

Ethical issues in packaging practices Research Paper - 3

Ethical issues in packaging practices - Research Paper Example issues and packaging, views regarding how a sample company and some authors regard how ethical a number of packaging issues in the contemporary sense are, and identify various areas that have the existence of ethical gaps in packaging. Packaging is the protecting, handling, and delivering or presenting a processed good or a raw material in items like boxes, crates, pallets, containers, bags, sacks, and plastic bottles. In case an item is intended for sale to consumers and is packaged, it is considered to be safe and healthy to the consumers. For instance, a brush of mascara that forms the closure of the container part is packaging also (Shimp, 2003). Marketers can make proper use of information for labeling to mislead consumers and exaggerate their product attributes. There are several cases in which they use pictures in packaging that do not show the real or actual product that they are selling to their customers. A number of marketers label their products as friendly to the environment even at times when they do not actually have attributes that are environmentally friend. There are various issues related to ethics of packaging that affect the manner in which products are relayed to the clients. They put labels that mislead the buyers of the products. For instance, information related to nutrition like cholesterol free, low fat, and 100% pure juice can be attributes on the label of a given product. Another case can be Johnson & Johnson’s Acuvue that labels its products for use every day and different labeling. The company sells similar products in different diversified labels. There are many issues that marketers use pictures for packaging that fail to represent the actual or the real product. The product label can make it look nice and attractive to customers while in the real sense the content does not reach the exaggerated appeal. When consumers open the well-labeled product, they do not find the expected product in the same. It addition, some brands

Looking at Corporate Governance in TESCO Plc

Looking at Corporate Governance in TESCO Plc Corporate governance basically is a kind of concept that has been described with thousands of definitions because of its relations to economic positions of the companies.The most basic ones that can be conceptualised are as Corporate governance is a system that regulates efficiency in management of business companies involving of certain codes of practice,contracts and legislations. Corporate Governance are the policies, procedures and rules governing the relationships between the shareholders, (stakeholders), directors and management of a company, as defined by the applicable laws, the corporate charter, the companys bylaws, and formal policies. ZAWAIDEH, M. (2003).Definition of Corporate Governance [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM: https://www.xing.com/net/balancedscorecard/2-insights-4642/definition-corporate-governance-1813244/ [ACCESSED:8 NOV 2009]. Corporate Governance in TESCO Plc. Corporate governance of a company encompassing with high defined values and plans i.e efficient discharge of board responsibilities towards the interest of shareholders can produce good performance.if the basic principles or codes of practice of corporate governance is not followed may lead to deterioration in the economic and financial performance of a company. Corporate governance under Combined code in TESCO plc. can be summarised by dividing into sub-categories. Effective board Chairman and executive having their own responsibilities Balance and Independence of directors Appointments of directors Committees Nomination committee Audit Committee Renumeration Committee Board performance evaluation Risk management and Internal Controls Effective board of any company forms the backbone towards good performance and stability of company. Consistent growth and success of Tesco plc. during recent years shows that company has potentially qualified and highly experienced board of directors.Moreover taking consideration into Tesco plc. annual report it is also clearly visible that board of directors are aware of goals and objectives related with the company. Northcote Internet Pvt Ltd(NO DATE).Tesco Plc. [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM. http://www.northcote.co.uk/company_links/by_sector.asp?SIT=1SID=12SDL=NI02770. [ACCESSED:9 nov 2009]. Chairman and chief executive officer form as two main pillars of the company. Vital activities necessary in smooth progress of the company depends on the shoulders of chairman and chief executive officers. Company having, chairman and chief executive officers, distributed responsibilities and accountabilities fall under provisions of good governance. Considering Tesco plc. set of responsibilities and duties for chairman(Sir David Reid) and chief executive officer(Sir Terry Leahy) are very well distributed therefore avoiding any way of decisions to be taken by a single person.The shareprice of the company is also maintaining good consistency ,because of trustworthy relations between shareholders and chairman. Morningstar (NO DATE) Tesco Impresses with First Half Results (Management and stewardship). [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM: http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/news/article.aspx?lang=en-GBarticleid=82979categoryid=660 [ACCESSED:9 NOV 2009]. Balance between the directors in the board is one key point in maintaining the stability and financial progress of the company. if the balance between the board of directors in a company is not present, the company cannot flourish unanimously. Taking consideration into tesco plc,the company has 15 members in the board where eight are executive directors and seven are non-executive directors. According to combined code atleast half of the board should be comprised of directors that are independent and there should be balance, whereas in case of Tesco plc balance between board of directors is not attained,this also raises the question of independence among the directors. Appointment of board for a company is another essential footstep that has to be followed on a regular basis in order to maintain the standard of required skills and experience. Generally the election in a company is held annually, which is the best way of practising and complying with combined code. In accordance with Tesco plc the election of board is held every three years,which is not very well regulated. Morningstar (NO DATE) Tesco Impresses with First Half Results (Management and stewardship). [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM: http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/news/article.aspx?lang=en-GBarticleid=82979categoryid=660 [ACCESSED:10 NOV 2009]. The Committee structure provides company to perform in parts and give out united results by concentrating on key areas.cosidering Tesco plc. ,it is divided into three important committees namely Nominations Committee Remumeration Committee Audit Committee Nomination committee The Committees purpose is to mould the approach of TESCO to concerns of corporate governance and, from time to time, to review such approach and make recommendations to the Board of TESCO in respect of such matters. In addition, the Committee shall advise the Board on corporate governance and related matters.the committee is chaired by David Reid.as it can be percieved re-election in tesco happens to be every three year so nomination process needs to be improved ,may be it can be reduced to one year process which can explore new talents and experiences Audit committee The Committees purpose is to represent and assist the Board of Directors with oversight of the integrity of TESCOs accounting and financial reporting processes (including related internal controls) and the audits of the financial statements of TESCO. Management is responsible for the TESCOs accounting and financial reporting processes. The external auditors are responsible for the audit within accepted auditing standards of TESCOs accounting and reporting process and reporting the results of that audit to the Committee. Tesco Corporation(2008).Audit committee charter. [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM: http://www.tescocorp.com/data/1/rec_docs/523_Tesco%20Audit%20Committee%20Charter%2007-05-18.pdf [ACCESSED ON:11 nov 2009] Remuneration Committee Remuneration committee is basically designed for remuneration of directors,employees or staff in a proper and efficient way.In a statement, Tesco said: Remuneration for the main board reflects the highly competitive environment in retail and the need to recruit and retain the best people.An independent remuneration committee approves rewards, linking them to challenging long-term performance targets. If these targets are not met, the rewards diminish. Breakingnews.ie(2003).Tesco chief gets 15% pay and benefits boost. [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM: http://www.breakingnews.ie/archives/2003/0511/business/snidojeykf/ [ACCESSED ON:11 NOV 2009]

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Teaching Education Careers Essays

Educational Goals and Philosophy How do I feel about teaching? I feel that the most important career an individual could choose would be education. Teachers play an important role in the lives of young children. They help shape and mold the world's future citizen that will run companies, be politicians, doctors, lawyers, teachers, electricians, construction workers, or whatever they desire. I feel that the most important role of a teacher is to provide children with the best possible education that is available. Teachers need to help young children learn and work up to their potential to be a productive, responsible citizen in society today. There are many strategies to use when providing the students with an appropriate education that meets all the individual's needs. I believe that the Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle all played an important role in shaping the educational system. I basically agree with Socrates philosophy because he promoted intellectual insights in his students. The Socratic method was a challenge in Socrates time as it is today because people don't like change. They are hesitant when it comes to new approaches or strategies to teach the curriculum. Many educators still tend to use the conventional ideas and traditions to teach subject matter as opposed to keeping up with the current trends and technologies today. I also agree with parts of Plato and Aristotle's philosophies. I feel that a combination of the three would benefit any teacher. Progressivism is respect for individuality. My hope is to allow for this in my classroom. As I enter into the educational field and acquire more knowledge, I began to realize how different individual's needs are and how different methods have to be used to get across concepts being taught. Howard Gardner identified eight kinds of intelligences. The quality of a student's performance depends greatly on how they learn. I hope to meet all my student's needs by incorporating a wide variety of techniques in my lesson plans. I will use cooperative learning groups, peer tutoring, teach - reteach methods, hands - on activities, and the use of technology. I will be open - minded to any suggestions or any new approaches that may arise.

How to Write a Descriptive Essay

A lot of folks depict paradise as lying on some remote island overlooking a stunning sunset while feeling the sand between their toes. My conception may be somewhat different than most people. I can envision beaming music, and people as they frolic. Where the party never stops, it keeps going and going like the Energizer bunny. The scenery will be the most divine of anything on this earth, more so than overlooking the flawless, sugarcoated snow covering the Rocky Mountains.Oh, my, the aroma coming from that city- like freshly cut bouquets of flowers on a sunny spring day. Forget about having a foul taste because it will leave only an everlasting angelic savor in your mouth. Paradise to me is cheerful music and people also, it has the most beautiful scenery one can only imagine. All the masses of people would start getting together holding hands in a circle with Jesus in the middle and start singing in a heavenly language. The city is filled with thunderous sounds of every instrument one can imagine.Then, the angles pick up tambourines hitting them in rhythm along with the music, while people start dancing before the Lord. All of a sudden, Peter, Paul, Job, and all the great men and women of God lift up their hands and sing out with all of their capacity to Jehovah Jireh. A rainbow is prolonged across the land. It has the brightest colors of blue, yellow, pink, and orange. It is so beautiful; the majestic colors make one want to reach out and touch it. A huge waterfall sets at the edge of New Jerusalem.The water is so clear one could see a speck of dust traveling down to the bottom. As the water surges down to the base, it makes a voyage around the frame of the city. I can picture blankets of flowers all over the place for it illuminates the whole location and adds gaiety. Oh, how breathtaking the aroma is over there. The fragrance is a mixture of jasmine, magnolia, and lilacs. The savoriness is a touch of sweetness, like getting a honeysuckle off of the vine an d putting it on your tongue for the first time.Or the elation a baby gets from consuming a chocolate bar, and savoring every minute of it. Some would say paradise for them would be anywhere they view beautiful. But for me heaven is my paradise my future home. I can only imagine what the Lord has in store for me when I get to that great city. Until then I can only dream. But what I really want more than anything is to see Him and crown Him Lord of Lords and King of Kings. More importantly, my paradise would not be heaven without Him because He is the one that is truly paradise.

The Story of Jessie Redmon Fauset

The Story of Jessie Redmon Fauset Jessie Redmon Fauset was born the seventh child of Annie Seamon Fauset and Redmon Fauset, a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal church. Jessie Fauset graduated from the High School for Girls in Philadelphia, the only African American student there. She applied to Bryn Mawr, but that school instead of admitting her helped her to enroll at Cornell University, where she may have been the first black woman student. She graduated from Cornell in 1905, with a Phi Beta Kappa honor. Early Career She taught Latin and French for one year at Douglass High School in Baltimore and then taught, until 1919, in Washington, DC, at what became, after 1916, Dunbar High School. While teaching, she earned her M.A. in French from the University of Pennsylvania.  She also began to contribute writings to Crisis, the magazine of the NAACP. She later received a degree from the Sorbonne. Literary Editor of the Crisis Fauset served as literary editor of the  Crisis from 1919 to 1926. For this job, she moved to New York City. She worked with W.E.B. DuBois, both at the magazine and in his work with the Pan African Movement. She also traveled and lectured extensively, including overseas, during her tenure with the  Crisis.  Her apartment in Harlem, where she lived with her sister, became a gathering place for the circle of intellectuals and artists associated with Crisis. Jessie Fauset wrote many of the articles, stories, and poems in the  Crisis  herself, and also promoted such writers as Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, and Jean Toomer. Her role in discovering, promoting, and giving a platform to African American writers helped to create an authentic black voice in American literature. From 1920 to 1921, Fauset published  The Brownies Book, a periodical for African American children. Her 1925 essay, â€Å"The Gift of Laughter,† is a classic literary piece, analyzing how American drama used black characters in roles as comics. Writing Novels She and other women writers were inspired to publish novels about experiences like their own when a white male novelist, T.S. Stribling, published Birthright in 1922, a fictional account of an educated mixed-race woman. Jessie Faucet published four novels, the most of any writer during the Harlem Renaissance:  There Is Confusion  (1924),  Plum Bun  (1929),  The Chinaberry Tree  (1931), and  Comedy: American Style  (1933).  Each of these focuses on black professionals and their families, facing American racism and living their rather non-stereotypical lives. After theCrisis When she left the  Crisis in 1926, Jessie Fauset attempted to find another position in publishing but found that racial prejudice was too great a barrier. She taught French in New York City, at DeWitt Clinton High School from 1927 to 1944, continuing to write and publish her novels. In 1929, Jessie Fauset married an insurance broker and World War I veteran, Herbert Harris. They lived with Fausets sister in Harlem until 1936 and moved to New Jersey in the 1940s. In 1949, she briefly served as a visiting professor at Hampton Institute and taught for a short time at Tuskegee Institute. After Harris died in 1958, Jessie Fauset moved to her half-brothers home in Philadelphia where she died in 1961. Literary Legacy Jessie Redmon Fausets writings were revived and republished in the 1960s and 1970s, though some preferred writings about African Americans in poverty rather than Fauset’s depictions of an elite.  By the 1980s and 1990s, feminists had refocused attention on Fauset’s writings. A 1945 painting of Jessie Redmon Fauset, painted by Laura Wheeler Waring, hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Background, Family: Mother: Annie Seamon Fauset Father: Redmon Fauset Siblings: six older siblings Education: High School for Girls in PhiladelphiaCornell UniversityUniversity of Pennsylvania (French)Sorbonne in Paris Marriage, Children: Husband: Herbert Harris (married 1929; insurance broker)

The Harry Potter Is it really a harmless fantasy Professor Ramos Blog

The Harry Potter Is it really a harmless fantasy The Harry Potter stories have been opposed or objected by some Christians since its inception especially on the subject of its viability as a children’s film. The movies as well as the novels have become a personal favorite for many children around the world. This is backed up by the fact that the Harry Potter series was translated into over sixty languages for all children around the world. The movie was also rated as one of the top blockbuster movies in the world. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone is the first book in the series written by J. K. Rowling. The book was written in 1997 whereas the movie was produced in 2001. However, despite being a favorite among many, the book has made many Christians being antagonistic about it because it contradicts the Bible teachings regarding the practice of witchcraft and such, wherein the passage can be found in Deuteronomy 18:9-13. As a result, a number of authors came forward to give an evaluation of the movie on whether i t was appropriate for children. The movie has some of the most renown and amazing actors. For instance, professor Snape’s character was well delivered. However, his level of acting would have been more appealing to a young adult rather than a child. Consequently, there are more hilarious parts of the movie such as scenes with Hagrid. This would be more appealing to children. Additionally, the movie has aspects of adventure and suspense that would more than likely intrigue a child. According to Marcia Montenegro, all adventurous scenes are enjoyable and innocent if one chooses to ignore the purpose of the story (1). The growing consensus of Harry Potter stories being linked to Christianity prompted Rowling to deny that her books were intended to convert people to Christianity. According to Granger, a few years back, some Christian critics of the series alluded that Harry Potter was not a Christian and that the books were detrimental for children (11). This conclusion could be gathered from the fact that there are some pretty scary scenes that would not be suitable for children under the age of ten. The scenes that are dubbed scary for younger children include: the part where a dog with three heads starts to chase Harry, Hermione, and Ron; the part where they have to participate in a live chess game; when the three also get entangled in crawling plants defined as the devil’s weed; and lastly, the scene that for sure got all the kids shivering in their blankets, when Lord Voldemort is revealed. The movie is about Harry learning his way around magic. All the children at Hogwarts are there to learn more about the occult arts. Even though the spells were incomplete the movie still showed how these spells were performed. In addition, there is the inclusion of ghostly figures floating around the rooms as well as moving portraits and stair cases. There is also the invisible cloak that allows Harry to walk around unnoticed which leads him to a mirror that allows him to communicate with his dead parents. Montenegro believes that all these scenes create an obscure atmosphere which is unchristian like (4). She perceives that all the spells involved in the movie may make a majority of parents to consider exposing their children from such (3). The actions of the adults in the movie are also depicted to be questionable. For instance, as a way of punishment the children are sent to the Forbidden Forest. Something forbidden is something that should not happen or should not see the face of the earth. Nonetheless, Hermione, Harry, Neville and Malfoy are sent to that forest with Hagrid. On the other hand, Granger says that the Harry Potter novels were not written for Christians nor were they meant to convert nonbelievers into Christians. He further states that the book was not solely written for the purpose of spreading the Gospel (11). However, Mircea Eliade argues that human beings are naturally spiritual which leads us to automatically denying anything that is secularized (45). In this book, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, we find that Harry ends up breaking a majority of rules. For instance, the incidents that led him to be elected as the new seeker of the Quidditch team. It all starts when Neville gets injured during practice and the teacher in charge has to take him to the nurse, she clearly instructs the children to remain put a rule that Harry chooses to ignore. He decides to follow Malfoy in order for him to retrieve Neville’s property despite the fact that it was not necessary. Another situation, when Harry wants to go see Hagrid and Ron tries to prevent him by reminding him, â€Å"But McGonagall said we’ve got to stay in our tower unless we’re in class† (192). Majority of parents feel that it is encouraging their children to practice disobedience. Most of the reviews conducted have stated that the movie depicts the book, which is not entirely true. There are scenes from the novel that have been eliminated in the movie. The first disconnect appears in the forest when Harry meets the centaur. In the novel, the centaur speaks praises concerning astrology whereas it was left out in the movie. The second incident happens when Dumbledore informs Harry that Flamel will die. However, according to the book, Dumbledore tells Harry that, â€Å"to the well-organized mind, death is but the next great adventure (Rowling, 100).† This statement is perceived to be a key passage as Harry repeats it over and over again in the story. In this case, death is depicted as something adventurous as well as a rite of passage before reincarnation. Life after death was also depicted to be a place that encompasses an individual with more spirituality and knowledge. Christians on the other hand, do not speak about death approvingly even though it is an avenue for them to reunite with Jesus Christ. The fact that the directors intentionally left out the line from the novel leave a lot of room for speculation. Could they have depicted it to be too much for a child? Could it be that the directors wanted to hide it from parents who have not yet read the book? Conclusion All of J.K Rowling’s books have become a sense of wonder for both the young and the old. The movie series have consequently broke its bars of success. Although many parents might not agree with the scenes involved, it is still a good book. A majority of people in the USA and other countries have grown up reading this book. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone is a good movie for audiences that are above ten years. However, as parents, we should be mindful and try not to expose our children to all that the popular culture has to give. I believe this is the main reason the movie is â€Å"PG† and not just â€Å"G† because it really does need the parents supervision. I guess it would not hurt Rowlings or Columbus reputation if I give it a 3/5. Eliade, Mircea. The sacred and the profane: The nature of religion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: New York, 1987, pp. 8-216. Granger, John. How Harry Cast His Spell. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 2008, pp. 1-280. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. Dir. Chris Columbus. Perf. Daniel Radcliff, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson, Robbie Coltrane, Maggie Smith, and Richard Harris, Warner Bros., 2001. Film. Rowling, J. K. â€Å"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone.† Scholastic Press, 1998, pp. 1-391. Montenegro, Marcia. â€Å"The Harry Potter Movie: Harry Potter and The Sorcerer’s Stone. Christian Answers for the New Age, pp. 1-5.

Collaborative Model of Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Collaborative Model of Criminal Justice - Essay Example Interest in the field hastened in the 20th century with the universal establishment of police force, crime management and control. According to Hirsch and Gottfredson (1990), the study of crime has evolved from being a corollary or application of social science into being a distinct field with the recognition of the impact of crime and victimization to society as well as in consideration of its operation as a social institution in ensuring peace, order and stability. However, the premise that crime as a social construct and individual criminality is not at question, has not been absolute or indistinguishable amongst criminological theories. As Estrada (2004) points out, perspectives have changed significantly over time, as indicated by changes in policies. The need to understand the similarities and contradictions is not so much to establish distinctions between sets of theories but rather to develop insights on the modes or perceptions regarding crime, society and individuals over t ime. Before the 20th century the prevailing theories on crime considered individualistic perspective on the development of crime. The motivation to commit criminal acts was considered to be due to the perceived rewards or gains of the acts. In such a setting, the offender actively and deliberately chooses to commit the crime to fulfill a personal desire, derive reward or to pursue an interest. One of the challenges of such a perspective is that there is limited consideration for the development of criminal behaviors or the factors that contribute to their prevalence or the means preempting crime beyond control measures. Shedler and Westen (2004) believe that there the current perspective on crime, particularly regarding its sociological development still need retooling to accommodate personalities that do not comply with models. One aspect that they refer to is that though there is recognition of conscious and unconscious mind of an individual as well as collective consciousness with the development of psychoanalytic perspectives, there is till a significant reliance on models or archetypes. This in turn may limit cultural or social sensitivity which is a critic cal component of crime as a social construct. Similarly, there are some studies indicating that though general personality theories utilizing psychoanalysis may be sufficient for assessment purposes, they may not provide the same level of insights for the development of interventions or therapy (Jackson, 2004). The sociological study of crime developed in the 1940's. Influenced by Freudian psychoanalysis and psychoanalysis, the proposition was that individuals are influenced by their social experience and thus, their desires and motivations can be linked to social developments and issues (Plotnik, 2005). In sociological approaches in the criminology, the perception is that crime is not just individually motivated, going beyond personal choice, motivations, desires or rewards (Brown, 2003). It also diminishes the significance of biological characteristics as precursors of crime. As strange as it may seem based on contemporary knowledge, a number of studies prior to the development of organized police in Europe were conducted to compile physical characteristics of offenders, one of the earliest efforts in profiling (Plotnik, 2005; Oberwittler & Hfer, 2005). Furthermore,

Appraise Project Management Process Groups Essay

Appraise Project Management Process Groups - Essay Example The executing group enhances timely dissemination of information to the stakeholders, for quick decision making and timely end of the project (Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin, 2011). In fact, the executing process group implements the cost management policies, integration management policies, procurement management policies and other policies made in the planning process. Consequently, human resource management is well taken care of in then executing the group of project management process. Controlling activities aim at monitoring the execution of the project. Controlling process group monitors the project performance. Controlling activities can be applied in monitoring the cost management, procurement management, the human resource management and other types of management in a project. In case of any deviation from the main objective, adjustments are made to fix the problem. Controlling process aids in the timely application of risk management strategies to cover future uncertainties. The controlling group coordinates the alterations that may arise in course of the project. Additionally, the controlling process group keeps a close check on the performance of all the stakeholders to determine whether they work in conformity to the project’s objective. Closure of the project process is the last group. This project management process involves the termination of all activities. The process validates the completion of the project. The elements of this group are management and project closeout procedure.

Kiki Smith research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Kiki Smith - Research Paper Example It is unfortunate, hence, to find that craft materials and craft techniques are traditionally for the most part forbidden in the world of art. They are dismissed as merely utilitarian objects and have no aesthetic significance. Famed American born contemporary feminist artist Kiki Smith, however, has rewritten the rulebook. Smith’s steady rise as a star in the contemporary art scene is marvelous if not entirely surprising. Her critical success was achieved while employing the use of unconventional craft-oriented materials. Through the use of these materials, she is able to successfully depict the intimate, physical, and psychological perspectives of the human body for her audience. This break from tradition in the use of craft materials is only an aspect of the deviations of Smith’s arts. ... Both of Smith parents are creative people. Her father, Tony Smith was an artist, the celebrated postwar abstract, minimalist sculptor and architect. Her mother, on the other hand, was an opera singer. Smith, hence, was exposed to a highly creative and artistic environment, considering the fact that both of her parents were artists. Particularly, she experienced steady exposure to the creative process from her father. His work has influenced the young Kiki in her artistic style. Tony Smith also maintained a vibrant household who played host to notable contemporary artists such as Jackson Pollack, Mark Rothko, and other gifted artists at the time.3 As a child, Smith would help her father make cardboard three-dimensional representations of what would later be known by the world as his geometrical sculptures. In 1967, his works in this area landed him in the cover of Times magazine. Smith’s father would always try his best to encourage her interest in art. For example, he would se t up a box of cylinders and cones to practice her drawing skills. Another important aspect in Smith’s family that would leave an indelible mark on her as an artist is her religious upbringing. Her family was devoutly Catholic and she herself acknowledges her affinity with her religious denomination later in her adult life. Certainly, this variable would manifest in many of Smith’s artwork later on. In an interview with a magazine, she explained: Some people get free. Some people say that you don’t have to be, but I’m stuck with it. I’ve always been spiritual. That’s always been the most important part of my life, thinking about God or Gods.4 In her childhood, Smith already new that she was not interested in drawing what she saw but, rather, she was more interested in drawing

Media Impacts on Children’s Rights Essay Example for Free

Media Impacts on Children’s Rights Essay Child abuse gives most people a vision of the faults and blunders of the society. Child mistreatment is one of the most common crimes committed in the present. As for the Philippines, one can find vital statistics to certain crimes at the Bantay Bata 163 website (http://www.abs-cbn.com/bantaybata163). According to the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), 6,494 cases of child abuse were reported for the year of 2006 alone. Indeed, the government and certain non-government organizations must deal with these incidents of child abuse particularly the mass media. This paper examines the role of the media in relation to child abuse and child protection and argues that the media have been essential to the task of placing the problem of child abuse in the minds of the public and on the political agenda. THE MASS MEDIA According to YourDictionary.com, Mass Media is those means of communication that reach and influence large numbers of people, especially newspapers, popular magazines, radio, and television. Mass Media are those media that are created to be consumed by immense number of population worldwide and also a direct contemporary instrument of mass communication. Nonetheless, Mass Media is considered as the fourth estate of the society as well. It is the fourth branch of the government. It is the voice and weapon of the people and the society as whole. Mass media has various purposes, first is for entertainment, traditionally through performances of acting, music, and sports, along with light reading but since the late 20th century it can also be through video and computer games. Next is for public service announcement which is intended to modify public attitudes by raising awareness about specific issues like health and safety. And lastly is for advocacy. This can be for  both business and social concerns. This can include advertising, marketing, propaganda, public relations and political communication. MEDIA AND HUMAN RIGHTS As stated by the Secretary- General of the United Nations in 1998, Human Rights are ‘what reason requires and what conscience commands’ (Mizuta, 2000). It is commonly recognized that human rights are firm foundations of human existence and co-existence. It is for these human rights that the United Nations is engaged in securing the basic conditions of life, in ensuring peace, development, a safe environment, food, shelter, education, participation, equal opportunities and protection against intolerance in any form. The Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights expicitly states that: ‘every individual and every organ of the society, keeping this Declaration constatly inmind, shall strive by teaching education to promote respect for these rights and freedom’ (Hamelink, 2000). With this, we can say that all (including different institutions) are responsible in promoting human rights. Mass media present the opportunity to communicate to large numbers of people and to target particular groups of people. As observed by Gamble and Gamble (1999), mass communication is significantly different from other forms of communication. They note that mass communication has the capacity to reach simultaneously many thousands of people who are not related to the sender. It depends on technical devices or machines to quickly distribute messages to diverse audiences often unknown to each other. Thus, media in relation to human rights shows a exceptional characteristic in promoting it. CHILD ABUSE In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. The physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect of children have a long recorded history. In the mid to late 1800s, it was reported that children were often sexually assaulted, that children reported honestly about their abuse, and that the perpetrators of abuse were often the childrens fathers and brothers (Olafsen, Corwin and Summit 1993). Every year, millions of children across the world are becoming innocent helpless targets of atrocities. They are the sufferers of ill-treatment, exploitation, and brutality. They are part of human trafficking to induce into prostitution rackets. In terror prone regions, they are kidnapped from their homes and schools and their innocent childhood is forced into the army to witness the brunt of cruelty. They are enforced into debt repression or other kinds of slavery. In Metro Manila, according to Australian study, urbanization and migration continuously increase, children are often forced by circumstances to help their families earn a living. Most street children are of poor parents who have migrated from rural areas to find better job opportunities in the city, but lack of education renders them ill-equipped to earn or survive in the city. Street children have a bleak present and an uncertain future. Life in the street is a constant struggle to overcome the various negative elements that threaten to overtake and destroy the hope for survival. The street child works under the heat of the sun or in the dark of the night from 6 to 16 hours, seven days a week, often in a combination of â€Å"occupations† each considered their only means to survive. In the cities, neglected and abandoned children find themselves in the streets fending for themselves and vulnerable to the various evils of the urban jungle such as drug addiction, crimes and commercial sexual exploitation. Children who are neglected or abandoned are easy prey not only to accidents but to commercial sexual exploitation, drugs, crime and unwanted pregnancies. Incidents of child abuse is still on the rise especially  child sexual abuse. Also on the rise are reports of physical abuse and maltreatment of children. According to the statistics, there are approximately 40,000 to 50,000 street children of all categories in Metro Manila. Studies conducted reveal that the number of street children range from 2 to 3% of the child and adult population. The national project on street children estimated the number of street children at over 220,000 in 65 major cities as of 1993. There are now about 350 government and non government agencies that are responding to street childre n and their families. The government has given special focus on helping street children with programs focused on health and nutrition, educational assistance, parenting sessions, livelihood and skills training, residential care, foster care and adoption. However for as long as there would be squatter colonies sprouting in urban areas and for as long as there are not enough jobs, street children will continue to dominate in the streets. In a 1993 survey of households, some 16% of households surveyed have children below 12 years old who are left unattended with no supervising adult in the house. This translates to one in six households where children are without adult supervision. The consequences of child abuse are overwhelmingly disturbing. It denies a child its basic right-education. While violence and abuse pose a threat to their life, it also offers more devastating adverse effects on their mental and physical health. Often it leads to homelessness, resulting in increased number of cases of vagrancy giving birth to a feeling of depression. To worsen the scenario, these victims are more likely to abuse their own children in future, thanks to the deep impact on their mind and the cycle will continue forever. Though the agony and the plight of these children remain suppressed in silence, the brunt of their exploitation is very real. Although, the whole world is morally fuming at the abuse children endure. Yet, protection laws against child abuse commonly meet with confrontation at all strata of society. Like the protection of human rights, child protection can also be effectively promoted through media. MEDIA ON CHILD PROTECTION The media have been essential to the growth of society’s awareness of child abuse and neglect, not so much from specific community education campaigns as through ongoing news and features reporting on specific cases, research and intervention initiatives (Gough 1996). Media representations are the primary source of information on social problems for many people (Hutson and Liddiard 1994). Specifically, it is apparent that the media’s conceptualization of children and young people, and media reporting on both physical discipline of children and child abuse, is significant in reflecting and defining society’s perceptions of children and young people (Franklin and Horwath 1996), and what is and what is not acceptable behavior towards children. In addition to news stories, feature articles, and investigative journalism, sporadic mass media education and prevention campaigns are launched. These campaigns usually endeavor to broaden community knowledge of child abuse and neglect, to influence peoples attitudes towards children and young people, and to change behaviors that contribute to, or precipitate, the problem of child abuse and neglect in our communities (Goddard and Saunders, 2002). The constructive use of mass media can assist in teaching children and young people socially desirable ways of dealing with conflict, knowledge of their rights to integrity and protection from harm, healthy eating habits and lifestyles, and ways to assert themselves and their rights in a positive, acceptable manner. In an Inquiry into the Effects of Television and Multimedia on Children and Families in Victoria, Australia, evaluations of educational television programs, designed either for pre-schoolers or for older children, have suggested their effectiveness in heightening a range of social behaviors’ (Friedrich and Stein 1973), diminishing the effects of stereotyping (Johnston and Ettema 1982), increasing preparedness for adolescence (Singer and Singer 1994), and stimulating the discussion of solutions to general social issues (Johnston et. al 1993). The Convention of the rights of the child provides for the right of children to access information and material to those that aimed the promotion of his or her rights. (Hamelink, 1999).Therefore, mass media as a  primary source of these information should provide the children proper knowledge of his or her rights. Also, mass media education and prevention campaigns may be designed to target children and young people, providing them with useful information and alerting them to avenues for further information, help and support. Campaigns can also use regular television programs for children. Research suggests that, at least in the short term, television viewing of such programs may increase childrens and young peoples knowledge and positively change attitudes and behaviors. Unfortunately, longitudinal studies exploring sustained effects are rare and thus inconclusive. It further notes that television is one of the most popular forms of mass communication and entertainment in has been under-utilized as an educative tool, and suggests that perhaps narrow vision has meant that the deliberate use of television simultaneously to entertain and educate has not been fully recognized. Despite this, Postman (1994) has argued that television is rapidly becoming the first curriculum, with educational institutions such as schools following behind. Further, campaigns may be designed to give children and young people an opportunity to express their views on issues that affect them, specifically targeting adult audiences that habitually ignore the views and experiences of children and young people. The UK Childrens Express is one example, as is Youth Forum in Melbournes Herald Sun newspaper. .Research on the physical punishment of children suggests, for example, that adults may be interested to hear childrens views on the issue of physical discipline, and children interviewed in the research were keen for adults to hear their views. To date, however, the media rarely, if ever, consults children and takes their views into account before reporting on the physical punishment for children (Goddard and Saunders, 2000) MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGNS †¢ EVERY CHILD IS IMPORTANT (Australia, May 2000) This primary prevention campaign used a comforting approach and incorporated a significant mass media component (Tucci et. al2001). As outlined in More action less talk! Community responses to child abuse prevention (Tucci, et. al 2001), the campaign sought to: elicit a commitment from adults to adults to develop safe and non-abusive relationships with children; persuade adults to stop behaving in ways which are harmful to children; educate adults about the important needs of children; and better inform adults about the causes and consequences of child abuse. The campaign encouraged all adults to: think and view children as a source of hope; understand the developmental variables of children; respect the meaning children give to their experiences; engage positively with the principles of childrens rights; and appreciate more fully the capacities and contribution of children to the cultural and emotional life of families and communities. The campaign also addressed: the commonly held belief that children are a cost to society; the perceived suspicion that any application of the notion of childrens rights will mean an erosion of parents rights; and the publics lack of understanding about the extent and nature of child abuse in Australia. The campaign continued until the end of 2001. A song, written by Van Morrison and performed by Rod Stewart, Have I Told You Lately That I Love You, was the focus of a television advertising campaign that aimed to stimulate peoples thoughts about the importance and value of children and how this is communicated to them. Television commercials were backed up by press and radio advertisements. In addition to advertising, the campaign sought media attention by involving Tracy Bartram, FOX FM radio personality, as an ambassador for the campaign. Media attention was drawn to the campaigns launch. A free information kit for parents was made available, parents seminar sessions, featuring Michael Grose, were conducted, and a website made readily available to the public. The campaign did not receive state or federal funding but relied heavily on in-kind support from individuals and Victorian businesses. Quantum Market Research monitored the effectiveness of the campaign. In  May 2000 and October 2000 telephone interviews were conducted with a representative sample of 301 adults. Public dissemination of research outcomes formed part of the campaign strategy. Tucci et al. (2001) report that the initial research findings, five months into the campaign, revealed that: Child abuse is as serious social problem that is poorly understood by the Victorian public while fifty one per cent of respondents believed the community recognized child abuse as a serious social problem and another twenty one per cent believed they accurately understood the extent and nature of child abuse in Australia, this is clearly not the case. Fifty nine per cent were unable even to guess the number of reports of child abuse received annually. Only four per cent of respondents accurately estimated the size of the problem. Twenty-nine per cent of respondents underestimated the problem by at least 90,000 reports. The idea that adults can hurt children is disturbing and likely underpins the belief by fifty one per cent of respondents that the community treats this issue seriously, but when asked to account for the extent to which children are being abused by adults, community awareness is sadly lacking. Eighty per cent of respondents strongly supported the need for a campaign against child abuse. Australians Against Child Abuse thus feels confident that the Every Child is Important campaign will significantly influence public attitudes and responses to children and to child abuse. Ongoing research into the impact of the campaign will in itself be valuable in contributing to the debate about the educative and cost effectiveness of mass media campaigns aimed at preventing child abuse and neglect. †¢ NSPCC Full Stop Campaign Primary Prevention (United Kingdom, May 1999) It has the ambitious aim of ending cruelty to children within 20 years. Costing three million pounds, it proposes to change attitudes and behaviour towards children, to make it everybodys business to protect children, and to launch new services and approaches (Boztas, 1999). The campaign is supported by Prince Andrew, popular personalities such as the Spice Girls, the English football star Alan Shearer, and companies such as British Telecom and Microsoft. As Rudaizky (quoted in Hall 1999) explains, a pictorial theme of the campaign is people covering their eyes: The theme of the eyes being covered is about people not facing up to the reality of what is happening. Our intention was not to shock but to move people into doing something about it. Child abuse is not nice to talk about. It is an upsetting subject but unless we talk about it, we will not end it. This objective highlights the suppression/awareness phenomenon mentioned above, and draws attention again to the need for ongoing rather than intermittent prevention campaigns. FAMILIES – University of Queensland Sanders et al. (2000) evaluated Families a 12-part prevention-focused television series designed to provide empirically validated parenting information in an interesting and entertaining format. The series presented a parenting model, suggesting strategies parents could use with their children. It aimed to reassure parents that it is normal for parenting to be challenging, and it hoped to increase parents confidence that positive changes in childrens behavior were achievable. The series also aimed to increase awareness in the community of the importance of positive family relationships to the positive development of young people (Sanders et al. 2000). This media-based television series was considered to be successful, specifically in relation to its impact on increasing the parenting confidence of mothers. However, Sanders et al. (2000) concluded that the impact of the series could have been increased: by the strategic provision of service support systems, such as telephone information contact lines or parenting resource centers, which could be advertised as part of a coordinated media strategy planned to coincide with the airing of the television program. These services could provide information and back-up resources, such as parenting tip sheets, to parents seeking further advice after viewing the program. Staff at these centers could also identify and  refer families who may need more intensive help. †¢ BEYOND BELIEF (United Kingdom, 1992) A documentary claimed to show new evidence of satanic/ritual abuse in Britain. Following the program, helplines were overloaded with calls from people who had experienced sexual or ritual abuse. Counsellors noted that: The program appeared to have given callers permission to speak of their experiences and their gratitude that someone, somewhere took what they said seriously. (Scott 1993) Henderson, a fellow at Glasgow Universitys mass media unit, as quoted by Hellen (1998) commented that: A lot of people who have suffered child abuse quite simply lack the vocabulary, because of shame or fear, to come to terms with what has happened. Provided a drama does not place blame on the child, it can be very helpful. †¢ BBC Screenplay It has been suggested that sometimes drama reaches the parts the documentary cannot (Campbell 1989). Writing about Testimony of a Child, a BBC screenplay that presents the other side of the Cleveland child sexual abuse saga the story of an abused child going home to [the] abuser, Campbell argues that sexual assault presents television with terrible problems. Television is about seeing. But it censors what we need to see if we are to understand because it bows to propriety and thus contains what is knowable (Campbell 1989).Despite this, Campbell (1989) notes the power of fictitious drama based on fact to: invite you to think: what would you do if faced with that childs face, his fantasies full of terror and death, his starvation, his stubborn silences, his sore bum. †¢ COLD HANDS- (New South Wales, 1993) Armstrong (1993) argued that the play portrays a week in the life of a 12 year-old girl sexually assaulted by her father and got pregnant. The  plays focus allows the audience to gain an insight into the childs fear and trauma, the fathers feeble rationalization and defense, and the mothers fear of confronting the truth. Armstrong noted that the New South Wales Child Protection Council showed professional interest in the play and that plays have been used as part of child abuse awareness campaigns. The plays director, Ritchie (as quoted by Armstrong 1993) remarked that: The play is powerful, dramatic, presenting practical and emotional reality. It is confronting, but it emphasizes the fact that there is no excuse. †¢ QUESTIONS 2: Killing Tomorrow New Zealand A documentary, screened in New Zealand in 2001, graphically depicts the lives and abuse of three children. During the documentary, a Detective Inspector informs the audience that the drama is based on the lives of real people, and the audience is told how life turned out for the children and their abusers. Only those with ice in their veins could fail to be moved and there lies the problem. In each case, one adult or more had failed to take responsibility for the safety of a defenseless child (Herrick 2001). Reporting in The New Zealand Herald, Herrick asks what can programs like this possibly expect to achieve. Twenty years ago, polite society didnt even acknowledge abuse existed, let alone talk about it. So shows like this, which provoke thought and discussion, must be a sign of progress, even if the statistics say otherwise. Killing tomorrow was punishing if compelling viewing. Supported by New Zealands child protection authority, Child Youth and Family Services (CYFS), consider documentaries like Killing Tomorrow to be a powerful way of educating people about the issues and what can be done to protect children. We want to create an environment where child abuse is less able to exist and were pleased Screentime-Communicado has decided to help raise these serious issues (Brown, CYFS chief executive quoted in The  New Zealand Herald 28/11/01). After the program was screened there was a panel discussion of the issues presented in the documentary and CYFS booklets that provide tips on parenting were made available to the public. Child protection received 211 phone calls during the documentary and on the night it was screened. Fifty-three child abuse investigations resulted, five of which cases were considered very urgent [and were] assigned immediately to social workers for investigation (Ward, CYFS spokesperson, quoted in The New Zealand Herald 30/11/01). Also quoted in the New Zealand Herald 30/11/01 was Simcock, the National Social Services spokesperson: The documentary showed community groups were doing their best on the issue but government measures were sadly lacking the most helpful thing the government could do was to change the law that allowed parents to hit children. While the documentary appears to have raised awareness of child abuse and prompted some people to act on their suspicions of abuse and neglect, Henare, a Child Abuse Prevention Services spokesperson, noted that the objective of the documentary would not be reached without enough money for community providers (quoted in The New Zealand Herald 30/11/01). These are only some examples of media campaigns. There were still lots more evidences the media protecting children around the globe from abuse. Though media shows a remarkable effort in the child protection system, people can not stay away from the fact that there are still several problems these media campaigns face. MEDIA PROBLEMS IN CHILD PROTECTION CAMPAIGN Journalists willing to advocate for children and young people face the challenge of counterbalancing negative images or demonisation‘(Franklin and Horwath 1996) of children and, particularly, of adolescents, in print, television and film. Starkly contrasting with once popular views of  childhood as a time of innocence, less than positive images of children and young people in the media may place obstacles in the path of attempts to prevent their abuse and neglect. In 1968, 11-yearold Mary Bell murdered two boys, aged three and four in the UK. Twenty-five years later, in 1993, two ten-year-old boys murdered two-year-old Jamie Bulger in the UK, and in Australia in 1998, a ten-year-old boy was charged with drowning a six-year-old playmate. In such cases, a child being able to open his or her mind in abusive acts might be the perpetrator of maltreatment to his or her fellow. Psychologically, the Social Information Processing Theory of Aggression, comes here. According to Strasburger (1995), the central tenet of social information processing theory is that children create their own rationales to explain the behavior of others during social during social encounters. In turn, these self- generated interpretation influence children’s responses in their ongoing social interaction. Given that mental state operate in a feedback loop, it is possible that all social experiences, including those involving violent media, could influence social information processing. CONCLUSION Society sometimes fails to recognize that children are the most vulnerable group in our community, and are thus in need of the greatest protection. The social and economic costs to societies that have not prioritized childrens needs, especially the prevention of child abuse and neglect, are well documented. This paper focused on news stories, feature articles and investigative journalism. In this, we have concentrated on mass media education and prevention campaigns, television series, documentaries, and live theatre productions. It demonstrate the medias potential power to positively influence child welfare policies, community responses to children and young people, and societal acknowledgement of, and reaction to, child abuse and neglect. It challenges those who are involved in child welfare and child protection to make greater efforts to understand media influences and to use  the media constructively. Sustained community education and prevention campaigns, using mass media communication, are integral to the prevention of child abuse and neglect. These campaigns continually confront communities with the reality of child abuse. They challenge people, institutions, and governments to listen to children and to respond to the needs of all children and families, and particularly the special needs of children who have been abused or neglected. Further, sustained mass media exposure of child abuse and neglect may publicly censure and shame perpetrators, many of whom are relatives and adults well known to the victimized child. According to Tucci (2002), the agenda for our community and the government which represents us should be clear. The prevention of child abuse should be a priority. However, to be effective, mass media campaigns will need to be part of a broader prevention program that includes the provision of supports and services for all children and families. There are limitations to what the media can achieve. REFERENCES: Armstrong, M. (1993), The cold realities of child sex abuse, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 November Boztas, S. (1999), Prince Andrew launches crusade against child cruelty. The Daily Telegraph, 23/3/99. Franklin, B. and Horwath, J. (1996). The media abuse of children: Jakes progress from demonic icon to restored childhood. Child Abuse Review. Friedrich, L. and Stein, A. (1973). Aggressive and prosocial television programs and the natural behaviour of preschool children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development Gamble, T. and Gamble, M. (1999). Communication works. McGraw Hill Publications. Goddard, C. and Saunders, B.J. (2000), The role of the media, in Project Axis Child Sexual Abuse in Queensland: Selected Research Papers. Goddard, Chris. , Saunders, Bernadette. (2002). The role of mass media in facilitating community education and child abuse prevention strategies. Child Abuse Prevention Issues Number 16. Gough, D. (1996), Defining the problem Child Abuse Neglect, Vol. 20. Hall, C. (1999), NSPCC shock tactics to tackle child abuse, The Daily Telegraph. Hamelink, Cees. (2000). Media and Human Rights. Media and Human Rights in Asia: an AMIC Compilation. Singapore: AMIC. Hellen, N. (1998), Bennett pens TV child sex drama, Sunday Times, 5 October. Herrick, L. (2001), Truth of abuse too powerful to ignore, The New Zealand Herald, 21 December Hutson, S. and Liddiard, M. (1994). Youth homelessness: The construction of a social issue. Macmillan Publication Johnston, J. and Ettema, J. (1982). Positive images: Breaking stereotypes with childrens television. Sage Publications. Johnston, J. Bauman, J. Milne, L. and Urdan, T. (1993). Taking the measure of talking with TJ: An evaluation of the first implementation of talking with J Series 1, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan Publishers. Mizuta, Kayoko. (2000). Human Rights and Media. Media and Human Rights in Asia: an AMIC Compilation. Singapore: AMIC. Olafsen, R., Corwin, D. and Summit, R. (1993). Modern history of child sexual abuse awareness: Cycles of discovery and suppression. Child Abuse and Neglect. Postman, N. (1994). The disappearance of childhood. Vintage Books. Sanders, M.R., Montgomery, D.T. and Brechman-Toussaint, M.L. (2000), The mass-media and the prevention of child behavior problems: The evaluation of a television series to promote positive outcomes for parents and their children, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Singer, D. and Singer, A. (1981). Television, imagination and aggression: A study of preschoolers Sage Publications. Strasburger, Victor. (1995). Adolescents and the Media: Medical and Psychological Impact. Sage Publications. Tucci, J. Goddard, C. and Mitchell, J. (2001). More Action Less Talk! Community responses to child abuse prevention, Australians Against Child Abuse. Ringwood.

How Does Motivation Affect Performance?

How Does Motivation Affect Performance? This literature study tries  to examine how work motivation affects the job performance within an organization. Work motivation can be divided in two types of motivation called intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is motivation that comes from a person within and extrinsic motivation is motivation on materially goals. There are a lot of aspects which can influence / create the work motivation within an organization. Out this research there can be said that interests, enjoyment, salary and power can influence the work motivation of employees. When managers want to measure the motivation, they can use self-reports over time. After a period the managers can compare the two points with each other. Job performance can just like work motivation divided in task and contextual performance. The performance can simply be measured over time. After a specific period they can see if the performance of an employee is increased or decreased. There are found some variables that influence the job performance. The most important variables are enjoy, interests, money and power. All four of these variables have a positive influence on the job performance but all four in another way. In this study there are some aspects which could have influence on the relationship between work motivation and job performance. First off all there can be said that the relation between work motivation and job performance is positive. There are two combinations which are interesting. First, the relation between intrinsic motivation and task performance is interesting. When employees are intrinsically motivated the task performance of employees will increase. Second, the relation between extrinsic rewards and performance is interesting. When employees receive an extrinsic reward like money ore promotion, their performance will also increase. Conclusively, there can be said that motivation has a positive effect on the job performance of employees within an organization. Both intrinsic as extrinsic motivation have a positive influence on the job performance. Managers can use this information within an organization to motivate the employees. This will eventually increases the job performance of those employees Preface Chapter 1: Introduction This thesis will analyze how work motivation can affect the work performance of employees in an organization. There are a large amount of aspects that contributes to the success of an organization. For an organization it is very important that people are motivated. If the employees of an organization are motivated their interests, attitude and performance will improve during work hours (Locke 2004). Furthermore the performance is also an aspect that contributes to the success of an organization. The main goal of an organization is to make profit. An organization can only make profit if the employees of that specific organization can achieve their goals (Beal 2005). This thesis will analyze how employers can influence the job performance of their employees and if this will influence the success of an organization. As said above, this thesis will focus on the connection between work motivation and job performance and how they influence the success of an organization. A large amount of researchers use two different types of motivation. Researchers agree that there is an intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation by employees. Intrinsic motivation means acting from inside and this is inherently connected with enjoy and interest (Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. 2000b). Extrinsic motivation is acting in specific way that lead to a valuable added value (Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. 2000b). This is why this thesis will look at the different types of motivation (especially intrinsic and extrinsic motivation). If the two types of motivation and job performance are discussed the link between work motivation and job performance can be found. Is there a positive or negative link between work performance and job motivation? How does work motivation influences the job performance? Those questions will be answered during this thesis. Problem statement How does work motivation affect the job performance of employees in an organization? Research Questions What are the theoretical approaches of work motivation? Which different perspectives of job performance are developed by researchers? How do work motivation and job performance influence each other? Methodology According to Sekaran and Bougie (2009) there are different ways to collect data. The type of research that will be used for this thesis is a descriptive research. This thesis is a literature study which means that secondary sources will be researched. Analysis of different variables will be the basis for additional empirical research. Recent empirical research will be used to analyze the subjects of this thesis. By using scientifically papers the data can be found. The concepts of this research are work motivation, job performance and the link between work motivation and job performance. Structure The main goal of this paper is to analyze how work motivation affects the job performance of employees within an organization. This paper is subdivided in three chapters. In the first chapter answers will be found about work motivation. What is work motivation and how does motivation influences employees? The main subject of the second chapter will be job performance. For example questions regarding job performance are, what is job performance, what influences job performance within an organization? The third and last chapter will bring work motivation and job performance together. In this chapter work motivation and job performance will be combined. The main question of this chapter will be: Does work motivation influence job performance and what will be the benefits within an organization? Chapter 2: Work motivation Each organization has employees who work for that organization. When employees are motivated, they are enjoyable and they are more interested in their jobs (Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. 2000b). A large amount of researchers agree in the concept work motivation. This chapter will provide an analysis of the two types of work motivation. The first part of this chapter work motivation will be discussed. The second part of this chapter intrinsic and extrinsic motivation will be explained and the last part of this chapter provides the effect of those types of motivation. A large amount of researchers researched the concept work motivation. According to Pinder (1998) work motivation is a set of energetic forces that invent both inside as well as outside an individuals being, to initiate work-related behavior and to determine its direction, intensity, and duration. Ambrose Kulik (1999) argues that work motivation is invisible, internal and hypothetical. A complement of the researchers above Pinder (1998) argues that energetic forces have a great influence on the work motivation of employees. Atkinson (1964) agrees with Pinder (1998). Atkinson (1964) argues that work motivation has a lot to do with the psychological process of employees. Seen these researchers there can be said that work motivation has to do with the psychological process. The psychological process of employees is invisible and internal. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation As said above, work motivation is a psychological process which is invisible and internal, but there is also dichotomy of motivation called intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Porter and Lawler 1968). This study was developed in 1968 but still these two types of motivation are used in the literature (Steel 2008). In the previous paragraph the two types of motivation are mentioned. Researchers (Porter and Lawler 1968, Steel 2008) have found two different types of work motivation. The following paragraphs will discuss intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation The last decades a large amount of researchers investigated the concepts intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. According to Calder and Staw (1975) motivation is intrinsic if an activity is undertaken for someone who needs immediate satisfaction. Van Yperen and Hagendoorn (2003) argue that motivation is intrinsic when people perform an activity for itself which bring them satisfaction. Van Yperen and Hagendoorn (2003) agree with Calder and Staw (1975) but they add that satisfaction is inherent to enjoy. Steele (2008) argues that intrinsic motivation could include involvement in behavioural patterns, thought processes, action and activity or reaction for its own importance. The previous paragraph describes that intrinsic motivation increases the satisfaction and enjoyment of employees. Deci (1971) argues that there are two ways to measure intrinsic motivation. The first way is to measure the free choice. An example for the free choice is: do what you want to do and dont look to somebody else. The second way of measuring intrinsic motivation is the use of self-reports of interest and enjoyments of a specific activity. An example for the self-report method is a questionnaire under employees. This way of measuring intrinsic motivation is most often used for experimental studies (Ryan, 1982). Loewenstein (1999) agrees with Deci (1971). Loewenstein (1999) also found two ways of measuring intrinsic motivation. Loewenstein (1999) uses almost the same levels just like Deci (1971) does: Through a persons self-report of how interesting and enjoyable the task is. Through the behavioral measures of choice of, and amount of time engaged with, the task during a free-choice period in which there are no extrinsic rewards or incentives associated with choosing or engaging in the task. The two measurement methods of Loewenstein (1999) and Deci (1971) have a positive match. They both have found two ways to measure intrinsic motivation. During this paragraph the researchers mentioned two different ways of methods to measure intrinsic motivation. There can be said that these two measurement methods can be used for intrinsic motivation. If managers use these two methods they can find differences in intrinsic motivation at employees over a period. The outcomes can help managers to understand the intrinsic motivation of his employees. All of the researchers mentioned above agree with the concept that intrinsic motivation is motivation that comes from within a person. Intrinsic motivation also gives people more satisfaction and enjoy. When employees are intrinsically motivated their satisfaction and enjoyment for work increases. Another type of motivation is extrinsic motivation. The following paragraphs will analyze the concepts Extrinsic motivation Where intrinsic motivation is motivation from within a person, extrinsic motivation relates to external values. This is the mean difference with intrinsic motivation. Just like intrinsic motivation, a lot of research has been done about extrinsic motivation. Osterloh (2002) argues that extrinsic motivation occurs when employees are able to satisfy their needs indirectly, most importantly through a financial compensation. Money is a goal which provides satisfaction independent of the actual activity itself. Ryan and Deci (2000) argue that extrinsic motivation is motivation that gives an external value. External values can be salary, holidays and other working conditions. Researchers (Deci Ryan, 2000; Ryan Deci, 2007) have found three types of extrinsic motivation that can be ordered by the self-determination theory. The Self-determination theory (SDT) is a motivational theory that can be used for understanding individuals motivation (Deci Ryan, 2000; Ryan Deci, 2007). By doing research (Pelletier, L. G., Sarrazin, P. 2007) on this framework several studies have shown that extrinsic motivation is significantly related to performance (Boich-e, Sarrazin, Grouzet, Pelletier, Chanal, 2008). There are three levels in the self- determination theory. From lower to higher levels of self-determination, there are: external regulation, introjections and identification. The first level is the external regulation (Deci Ryan, 2000; Ryan Deci, 2007). This is behaviour that is regulated through external means like rewards and constraints. For example I study the night before exams, because my parents force me to. The second level is the introjected regulation (Deci Ryan, 2000; Ryan Deci, 2007). This level explains that the individual begins to acquire the reasons of the persons action. For example: I study the night before exams because thats what good students are supposed to do. The third and last level is Identification (Deci Ryan, 2000; Ryan Deci, 2007) Identification is the behaviour that becomes valued and judged important for the individual, and especially that it is perceived as chosen by oneself. For example: Ive chosen to study tonight because it is something important for me. Seen the analysis given above, there can be said that extrinsic motivation is motivation that points to external rewards like money and holidays. Managers can use this information for their employees. If a manager thinks that his employee isnt motivated enough, he can try to use external rewards to increase the employees extrinsic motivation. Effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation The previous paragraphs provided an analysis of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. The following paragraphs will provide information about the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Effect of intrinsic motivation Researchers have found that a positive effect on a persons motivation increases the intrinsic motivation. Kraiger, Billings, Isen (1989) argue that a positive affect increases peoples enjoyment and interest of interesting activities. Another study found that the positive effect increases the valence of moderately desirable rewards (Erez Isen, 2002). Intrinsic motivation does not only affect the enjoyment and interests. It also affects the satisfaction and the performance during working hours (Erez Isen, 2002; Isen, Daubman, Nowicki, 1987; Staw Barsade, 1993). Vansteenkiste (2004) argues that people who are intrinsically motivated during reading material and other work activities achieve a better performance during performance appraisals than people who are extrinsically motivated. Through years scientists have found a positive effect between motivation and the intrinsic motivation. Scientists agree that satisfaction and performance increases the intrinsic motivation. If an employee in an organization is intrinsically motivated, his satisfaction and performance at work will increase. Managers can use this information about the effect of intrinsic motivation. Managers need to motivation employees intrinsically. If they do that the performance and satisfaction will increase (Staw Barsade, 1993). Effect of extrinsic motivation In the previous paragraph the effects of intrinsic motivation are discussed. Managers can use external rewards to increase the extrinsic motivation but what is the effect of those rewards on extrinsic motivation? This paragraph will provide information about the effect of extrinsic motivation on employees of an organization. Research on intrinsic motivation has demonstrated that extrinsic rewards can have a negative effect on intrinsic motivation (Daniel Esser, 1980; deCharms, 1968; Hess, Sandelands, 1980). As we see, this is an older study and researchers from the last decades have found new information about the effect of extrinsic motivation. A large amount of theories in social sciences have found a relationship between extrinsic motivation and human attitude. One of these theories is the Economic Exchange Theory (Constant, (2001) D, Kiesler, S (1998), and Sproull, L. 1994). This theory explains how people shape their attitudes by analyzing the consistencies of their own behaviour. The theory explains that people behave in a specific way because they feel that the consequences of their own behaviour will bring more rewards of a certain benefits and these rewards and benefits will offset their behaviour (Constant, (2001) D, Kiesler, S (1998)., and Sproull, L. 1994). According to Steel (2008) the extrinsic factors that can influence motivation can include circumstances, situations, rewards or punishment. Those influences can be tangible and intangible. Steel (2008) argues that tangible benefits are monetary rewards and prizes. Intangible benefits include recognition, adoration and praise. In the last decades a large amount of researchers researched the effect of extrinsic motivation. In the eighties and nineties researchers found a negative effect between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation. Researchers agreed that for example: a higher salary had a negative effect on the performance or satisfaction. The last decades Kiesler (1998), Sproull (1994) en Steel (2008) have found a positive affect between extrinsic factors that influence extrinsic motivation. External rewards affect the extrinsic motivation. Conclusion To answer the question mentioned in chapter 1, a lot of research has been done during this chapter. During this chapter two different types of motivation were found called intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is that intrinsic motivation comes from within a person and extrinsic motivation is based on the motivation of external rewards like money and power (Ryan and Deci 2000). Also the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are discussed. The outcomes during this research were that external rewards increase the intrinsic motivation and that intrinsic motivation influences the motivation and satisfaction. Many studies have found that an extrinsic award can subvert intrinsic motivation for specific tasks (Deci, Koestner, Ryan, 1999). Intrinsic motivation is considered to promote psychological feelings of personal interests but extrinsic motivation can boycott your interests. Extrinsic rewards are for example money and pow er (Deci, Koestner, Ryan, 1999). Both approaches of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) have an effect on the work motivation. An employee needs intrinsic motivation to create enough satisfaction and performance but he/she also needs extrinsic motivation to have enough power and to earn enough money. A combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation has a positive effect on the work motivation. Chapter 3: Job performance In an organization, job performance is essential for the turnover and profit of an organization. When the performance of the employees from an organization is low, the turnover and profit will be lower than the performance of the employees is high. Mangers can fire employees of the performance is too low and can promote employees if the performance is high. According to Greenhaus Parasuraman (1993) managers from an organization can have influence on the performance of employees. A good manager can make the performance of his employees better so that he does not have to fire employees. Task and contextual performance As mentioned in the introduction of this paper, job performance is the performance of a person at work. The last decades, researchers investigated job performance. First job performance was directly connected with task performance. Borman and Motowidlo (1993, 1997) expanded the domain of job performance to include contextual performance. Gellatly Irving (2001) agree with Borman and Motowidlo (1993, 1997). They found that job performance can be divided in task performance and contextual performance. Nowadays job performance can be divided in both task and contextual performance. According to Motowidlo, Borman, Schmit (1997) job performance is a dynamic multidimensional construct that refers to employees behaviors at work that directly or indirectly support organizational goals. Motowidlo (1997) also argues that job performance is a multidimensional construct which can be divided in two general levels. The first level is task performance and the second level is contextual performance . Williams Anderson (1991) argue that task performance is related to an employees contribution to organizational performance. Gellatyl Irving (2001) agree with Williamson Anderson (1991). Gellatyl Irving (2001) argue that task performance (in-role behaviour) is behaviour that contributes to the organizations core. More specifically, task performance involves behaviour that contributes to the organizations work environment (Borman Motowidlo, 1993). There can be said that task performance contributes directly to the work environment of an organization but how about the second level. The second level is contextual performance (extra-role behaviour). According to Borman Motowidlo (1993) contextual performance can be labeled as behaviour that does not directly contribute to organizational performance but contextual performance supports the psychological and social environment. Gellatly Irving (2001) argue that contextual performance (extra-role behaviour) helps form the organizational, social, and psychological conditions that support task activities. This is why contextual performance is also called extra-role behaviour. This behaviour is additional (extra) to an employees behaviour. Contextual performance helps employees to improve their performance by listening to other colleagues. Beal (2005) developed a theoretical substruction for examining changes in job performance. When examining dynamic performance individuals variability in performance will be measured over time. To find differences in job performance the manager has to select variables to measure the variability over time. A large amount of researchers argue that different variables can find variability over time. However, researchers do not agree which variables that will be. Job performance is an important variable in human resource management and organizational behaviour (Viswesvaran, Schmidt, Ones, 2005). A well known way to measure job performance is by gender. As we know, there are still lots of differences between male and female. An example for the differences between gender at work is payroll and promotion. McKay McDaniel (2006), Roth, Huffcutt, Bobko (2003) argue that there is a sufficient consistent that males receive a more favourable performance evaluation than females receive. Those higher performance evaluations can have a positive influence on promotions within an organization (Greenhaus Parasuraman, 1993). When employees of an organization receive higher evaluations they are a better candidate for promotion than someone who has a lower evaluation. Gender differences in measures of job performance can have influence on many other variables than only promotions. Another variable that can have influences is payment (Robertson, 1986). The differences in payment can have a negative influence on the trust and the satisfaction of an employee. When an employee of an organizati on is getting fewer loan than his colleague with the same job description the trust and satisfaction will decrease (King et al., 2010). A direct effect on loan is lateness, absenteeism, and turnover and achieves goals (Harrison, Newman, Roth, 2006). Influence on job performance The previous paragraphs discussed the task performance and contextual performance. Researchers found that task as contextual performance have influences on job performance. Task performance has a direct effect on the performance. Task performance or in-role behaviour is behaviour that contributes to the core of an organization. Contextual performance indirectly contributes to an organizations performance Gellatyl Irving (2001). Contextual performance (extra-role behaviour) influences the social environment of an employee and not the core of an organization like task performance. Not only task and contextual performance (or in-role or extra-role behaviour) affects the job performance. Stress is also a variable that influences the job performance. Researchers have found a relation between work stressors and job performance. According to Jex (1998) this relationship depends on different factors that determine the stressors. Cavanaugh (2000) found that challenge stressors are positively related with job performance but, hindrance stressors are negatively associated with job performance. A lot of people think that stress always has a negative relationship with job performance but this literature displays the opposite. Stress can be positive in the challenge manner but can also be negative if the stress forces you to do things (Cavanaugh 2000). An example of challenge could be that account managers should reach their goals/targets each month. During this period of time, account managers have positive stress because they want to reach their goals/targets. An example of a hindrance stressor is that somebody wants to book a room in a hotel but all rooms are booked and his flight is tomorrow. This is a hindrance stressor because the b ooker is hampered in his choice and this can have a negative effect on his performance. Stress has a lot to do with emotional feelings. Negative stress like hindrance can cause emotional exhaustion (Cordes Dougherty, 1993). Emotional exhaustion can be measured individually or in groups. During this paper, when we talk about emotional exhaustion, the individual emotional exhaustion is intended. Emotional exhaustion is the moment when employees feel emotionally overwhelmed and drained by their work (Leiter Maslach, 1988; Wilk Moynihan, 2005). Cordes Dougherty (1993) also add that a consequence of emotional exhaustion can cause a lack of energy and a bad feeling to an employee. Emotional exhaustion happens more frequently because organizations are asking more and more from their employees regarding responsibility and job performance (Klein Verbeke 1999). According to Lee Ashforth (1996) emotional exhaustion can have consequences for an organization. When an employee has an emotional exhaustion his withdrawal behaviour can increase. Babakus, Cravens, Johnston Moncrief (1999) add that it also can decrease the job performance. Managers prefer not that their employees get emotionally exhausted. According to Cohen Wills (1985) managers might identify targets more effectively for the emotional support of their employees to enhance the job performance. By using the conservation of resources (COR) theory, researchers can clarify how feelings of emotional exhaustion can influence job performance. According to the COR theory, individuals become more emotionally exhausted when they do not have enough resources to do their job. The resources may include participation in decision making and social support by managers (Cordes Dougherty, 1993). The COR theory also argues that work asks a lot from employees. When demands exceed resources job performance can be reduced (Babakus 1999). Hobfoll Freedy (1993) and Hobfoll (1998) both found a negative relation between emotional exhaustion and job performance by using the COR theory. Conclusion During this chapter two types of job performance are found called task and contextual performance (also known as in-role and extra-role behaviour). Task performance is the performance that has a direct contribution to the operations core. Unlike task performance, contextual performance does not contribute to the operations core but it supports the social environment. These are the two main differences between task performance and contextual performance. These two types of performance have an influence in the job performance and they can be measured. Research has found that different variables can influence the job performance. In this chapter gender and stressors are used to find out how performance can be measured. Nowadays there are still a lot of differences between male and female. Researchers have found that males receive better performance reviews than females. These performance reviews can have an effect on the motivation of that specific employee. Not only performance reviews but also stressors can have an influence on the job performance. There are positive and negative stressors. The negative stressors have a negative influence on the job performance. A negative stressors can for example be a black out. The positive stressors can have a positive effect on the job performance. When employees have a certain pressure to perform the stressors can be positive. The positive stressors can have a positive influence on the job performance. Chapter 4: The relationship between work motivation and job performance The previous chapters discussed work motivation and the job performance separately. This chapter will combine work motivation and job performance. For managers it is essential to know how they can motivate their employees and if this has an influence on the job performance. If there is a positive connection between work motivation and job performance, managers can use information from the analysis mentioned in chapter 2 (work motivation) to improve the job performance. As we know, if the job performance increases the profit and turnover will increase inherently. Work motivation and job performance Researchers have found a positive connection between intrinsic motivation and job performance. According to Humphrey (2007) intrinsic motivation is positively related to work performance, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Job autonomy is also inherent to intrinsic motivation (Morgeson, Delaney-klinger, Hemingway, 2005). When employees are intrinsically motivated their satisfaction and enjoy is higher than an employee who is extrinsically motivated. Because of the intrinsic motivation of the employee, the autonomy will increase as well (Parker, 1998). This is for managers important data because, the higher autonomy of employees the more individuality the employee has. The manager can give more support to other employees by who the autonomy is lower. Another relationship between motivation and performance has been found. Researchers found a positive connection between intrinsic work motivation and task performance (Morgeson et al. 2005). If employees have a certain pleasure and satisfaction when they are at work, this will have a positive effect on the work activities. According to Grouzet, Vallerand, Thill Provencher (2004) individuals who are intrinsically motivated perform better in their tasks because they find their tasks enjoyable and interesting. They also find that participation in those specific tasks is like a reward (Deci et al. 1989). This is in line with the study of Morgeson (2005). Morgeson (2005) also found that the progress of the work activities is inherent to the job performance (Morgeson et al. 2005). Therefore the better the employees work activities the better the job performance. Finally, Gagnà © and Deci (2005) found that employees who have a high intrinsic motivation are more involved in their jobs and they have a greater goal attainment than employees who have a lower intrinsic motivation. According to Humphrey (2007) employees who are intrinsically motivation not only have a greater goal to attainment but, they also have a greater responsibility and volition to perform better and to be successful in the organization. The connections above are interesting because a large amount of researchers agree in the concept that intrinsic motivation influences the job performance positively. Not only employees who are intrinsically motivated have an influence on the job performance. Researchers have also found that employees who are extrinsically motivated have a positive effect on the job performance. A positive connection betw